Back when I was doing my internship at Pennsylvania Hospital, I was so surrounded by history I felt like I was working in a museum. Even the china we dined on in the hospital cafeteria sported the original historic pattern. And when we finished our training, a brass plaque with our names went up on the same wall as the plaques of our predecessors going back to the 18th century.

At the time, none of this was widely known. But fortunately, Pennsylvania Hospital now has an actual museum, open to the public just in time for the nation’s 250th anniversary. The Pennsylvania Hospital Museum is compact yet chock-full of art, architecture, artifacts, and documents, and has at once become a must-see destination in Philadelphia.

Although Bellevue Hospital has roots that go back to 1736, it started out as an almshouse. Pennsylvania Hospital was the first institution in the colonies founded specifically as a hospital, established in 1751 by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Bond. The 1756 building housing the museum is a National Historic Landmark. Not only is it considered an important example of Georgian architecture, but its cornerstone even bears an inscription by Franklin referring to King George II.

The landscaped grounds are a serene oasis in the middle of Philadelphia’s Society Hill neighborhood and include a Physic Garden containing herbs and plants used for medicines in the 18th century.

As one enters the building, the first room encountered is the pharmacy, which remained in use until 1927 and now contains interactive displays. A fire engine purchased in 1803 sits in the foyer at the base of a grand staircase. After ascending to the second floor, visitors enter America’s first medical library, a handsome wood-paneled room containing more than 13,000 volumes from floor to ceiling, including one of the nation’s most complete collections of medical books published between 1750 and 1850.

The third floor houses the nation’s oldest surgical amphitheater. In the era before electricity, it was illuminated by skylight, so surgeries could only be performed on sunny days. (I must confess that we interns used to sneak into this room when on call. It was spooky in the middle of the night!)

For me, as a psychiatrist, the highlights of the museum were the exhibits on mental health. I have previously written in MedHum about Benjamin Rush, often called the father of American psychiatry, whose portrait is on view here. Rush served on the staff at Pennsylvania Hospital from 1783 until 1813 and was known for his groundbreaking and humane treatment of the mentally ill. Metal shackles once used as restraints are also on display, although hopefully they predated Rush’s tenure.

Another psychiatric pioneer whose portrait hangs in the museum is Thomas Story Kirkbride, who came to Pennsylvania Hospital for residency training in 1834. When the psychiatric wards exceeded capacity and a satellite facility was built on 101 acres in West Philadelphia, Kirkbride was named superintendent. His ideas about the layout and design of mental institutions became highly influential, leaving an imprint on hospitals throughout the country.

Initially called the Pennsylvania Asylum for the Insane, the new campus eventually became known as the Institute of Pennsylvania Hospital. I completed my residency training there, but over time it was no longer financially viable, and it closed in 1997.

How fascinating to learn that Francis Scott Key, of “The Star-Spangled Banner” fame, wrote a poem titled On Visiting the Pennsylvania Hospital. And to see 18th-century anatomical casts used for teaching at a time when formal dissection was illegal.

There is so much history in this museum that I could not absorb it all in one visit. With its addition, Philadelphia further demonstrates its role as the cradle of American medicine. Indeed, one would have to travel to London to find a larger assemblage of medical historical sites.

In one very busy day—or a more leisurely two-day trip—a visitor can now experience this museum, plus the College of Physicians of Philadelphia and its famous Mütter Museum, while also stopping to see The Gross Clinic by Thomas Eakins. (The painting alternates between the Philadelphia Museum of Art and the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, but will spend 2026 at the latter.)

Bravo, Philadelphia!

Benjamin Rush:  Reflections from a Psychiatrist 

Guy Glass 09.02.24 0

A founding figure in American psychiatry, known for pioneering reforms, but also controversial for his treatments and complex contradictions in beliefs and practices.

For more information about the museum, visit Pennsylvania Hospital Museum.
Web image from Wiki Commons